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Connect Four

Connect Four is a solved game — perfect play guarantees a win for the first player. Experts control the center, build threat pairs, and force zugzwang in the endgame.

Quick winning principles

  • Play column 4 (center) first — it participates in the most winning lines.
  • Build threat pairs: two connected threats where opponent can block only one.
  • Never play directly below an opponent's three-in-a-row unless you create your own threat.
  • Count vertical threats — a column with three of your discs on bottom rows is unstoppable.

Ideal strategy

  1. 1

    Book opening: 1. d1 (center column) is proven optimal. Respond to opponent's edge plays with center-adjacent columns (3 or 5).

  2. 2

    Center column control: column 4 connects to 21 winning lines; columns 3 and 5 connect to 17; edges connect to 11. Dominate center.

  3. 3

    Threat pairs: create two simultaneous threats (e.g. horizontal at row 3 and diagonal through row 5) — opponent blocks one, you win with the other.

  4. 4

    Vertical traps: stack three discs in a column on rows 1-3, forcing opponent to play above you, then complete four vertically.

  5. 5

    Zugzwang: in late game, force opponent to play in a column that gives you the win on the next move.

  6. 6

    Odd-even column theory: on a 7-column board, columns 1,3,5,7 have odd height capacity; use parity to predict when a column fills.